> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://guide.cryosparc.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://guide.cryosparc.com/cryo-em-foundations.md).

# Cryo-EM Foundations

- [Image Formation](https://guide.cryosparc.com/cryo-em-foundations/image-formation.md)
- [Contrast in Cryo-EM](https://guide.cryosparc.com/cryo-em-foundations/image-formation/contrast-in-cryo-em.md): Where does contrast in an electron micrograph come from? What can we do to produce more contrast? What effects do we have to take into account when processing data from electron micrographs?
- [Waves as Vectors](https://guide.cryosparc.com/cryo-em-foundations/image-formation/waves-as-vectors.md)
- [Aliasing](https://guide.cryosparc.com/cryo-em-foundations/image-formation/aliasing.md)